Literature Review: The Effect of Nutritional Patterns on the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Pregnant Women
Keywords:
nutritional patterns, chronic energy deficiency (CED), pregnant womenAbstract
Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women remains a significant public health problem and contributes to an increased risk of pregnancy complications, such as anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight infants. This condition is generally caused by a long-term imbalance between energy intake and the body's requirements. One of the main factors presumed to influence the occurrence of CED is maternal nutritional patterns during pregnancy, including the adequacy of energy, protein, and essential micronutrient intake. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the influence of nutritional patterns on the incidence of CED in pregnant women based on recent research findings. The method used is a literature review of various databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with a publication range from 2016 to 2025. The inclusion criteria in this study were original research articles, using quantitative or mixed-method designs, discussing the relationship between nutritional patterns and CED in pregnant women, and available in full text. The exclusion criteria included articles not relevant to the topic, review articles, and studies with incomplete data. Based on the selection process, 14 articles met the criteria for analysis. The results of the review indicate that 10 out of 14 articles reported a significant relationship between nutritional patterns and the incidence of CED in pregnant women. Poor nutritional patterns, particularly low intake of energy, protein, iron, and micronutrients such as folic acid and vitamins, were shown to increase the risk of CED. Meanwhile, the remaining four articles reported non-significant findings, suggesting variations influenced by differences in research methods, respondent characteristics, and other contextual factors. In addition to nutritional patterns, several other factors were found to influence the occurrence of CED, including socioeconomic status, level of education, nutritional knowledge, and access to food and healthcare services. In conclusion, nutritional patterns play an important role in influencing the incidence of CED in pregnant women. However, CED is not influenced by a single factor but is the result of interactions among multiple related factors. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed, including improving nutrition education, enhancing access to nutritious food, and strengthening healthcare services to prevent CED in pregnant women
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