Proceedings of Conference on Health Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Literature Review: Factor Associated with Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid Screening among Women of Childbearing Age

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cervical cancer is a malignancy originating from the cervix. In Indonesia, the number of cervical cancer patients ranks second highest after breast cancer, with a high mortality rate. To reduce this mortality rate, early detection is performed on women of childbearing age using the Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid method. However, the participation rate for Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid testing remains low. The method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) derived from two databases: Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar. The selected articles were in English or Indonesian, accessible in full text, and published between 2020 and 2024. Out of 15 identified articles, 7 met the criteria. The results of this study show that four articles mention individual factors such as good knowledge, attitude, and motivation influence participation in Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid testing, while three articles mention that health service and social factors, specifically counseling and decision-making support, are also required for participation. The findings indicate that factors related to Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid testing include individual, social, and health service factors. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid testing is influenced by interrelated multidimensional factors. Therefore, comprehensive interventions are needed through increased health education, strengthening family support (especially from husbands), and improving the access and quality of health services to increase the coverage of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid testing among women of childbearing age.

Literature Review: Determinants of Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adolescents

Fatmawati Wati, Hamsina, Joy Stevani , Mordayani, Yenni , Luvi Dian Afriyani — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Adolescents are a vulnerable population to sexual risk behavior due to physical, psychological, and social changes that are often not accompanied by adequate reproductive health knowledge. This study aimed to identify and analyze the determinants of sexual risk behavior among adolescents through a literature review. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar with publication years ranging from 2020 to 2026 using the PICO approach. Of the 20 articles identified, 8 full-text quantitative studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically analyzed. The findings revealed that the determinants of sexual risk behavior among adolescents consist of internal and external factors. Internal factors include reproductive health knowledge, age,and gender, while external factors comprise family environment, peer influence, school environment, exposure to digital media, socio-cultural norms, socioeconomic conditions, and access to reproductive health services. Overall, sexual risk behavior among adolescents results from complex interactions between these factors. Therefore, preventive strategies should focus on improving reproductive health education, and controlling inappropriate digital media exposure to support more comprehensive, targeted, and sustainable interventions.

Literature Review: The Effect of Nutritional Patterns on the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Pregnant Women

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women remains a significant public health problem and contributes to an increased risk of pregnancy complications, such as anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight infants. This condition is generally caused by a long-term imbalance between energy intake and the body's requirements. One of the main factors presumed to influence the occurrence of CED is maternal nutritional patterns during pregnancy, including the adequacy of energy, protein, and essential micronutrient intake. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the influence of nutritional patterns on the incidence of CED in pregnant women based on recent research findings. The method used is a literature review of various databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with a publication range from 2016 to 2025. The inclusion criteria in this study were original research articles, using quantitative or mixed-method designs, discussing the relationship between nutritional patterns and CED in pregnant women, and available in full text. The exclusion criteria included articles not relevant to the topic, review articles, and studies with incomplete data. Based on the selection process, 14 articles met the criteria for analysis. The results of the review indicate that 10 out of 14 articles reported a significant relationship between nutritional patterns and the incidence of CED in pregnant women. Poor nutritional patterns, particularly low intake of energy, protein, iron, and micronutrients such as folic acid and vitamins, were shown to increase the risk of CED. Meanwhile, the remaining four articles reported non-significant findings, suggesting variations influenced by differences in research methods, respondent characteristics, and other contextual factors. In addition to nutritional patterns, several other factors were found to influence the occurrence of CED, including socioeconomic status, level of education, nutritional knowledge, and access to food and healthcare services. In conclusion, nutritional patterns play an important role in influencing the incidence of CED in pregnant women. However, CED is not influenced by a single factor but is the result of interactions among multiple related factors. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed, including improving nutrition education, enhancing access to nutritious food, and strengthening healthcare services to prevent CED in pregnant women

Literature Review: Factor Related to Neonatal Asphyxia in Newborn

Dewi Susilowati, putri; norma; ety, evi, kartika — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Neonatal asphyxia is a condition in which a newborn fails to initiate and maintain spontaneous and regular breathing after birth, leading to metabolic disturbances and increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal age, education level, and occupation with the incidence of neonatal asphyxia at Kendari City Hospital. The research method used in this study is a literature review. Data were obtained through a search of relevant scientific publication articles in electronic databases. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were then collected, reviewed, and descriptively analyzed to draw conclusions related to the research topic. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal age (p=0.000), education level (p=0.001), and occupation (p=0.012) with the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. Mothers aged 20–35 years tended to have newborns with mild asphyxia, while mothers aged less than 20 years or more than 35 years had a higher risk of severe asphyxia. In addition, mothers with higher education levels were more likely to have better knowledge regarding pregnancy care, while heavy workload and limited rest among certain occupations contributed to increased risk. In conclusion, maternal age, education, and occupation are significantly associated with the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. Improving maternal knowledge through health education and ensuring adequate antenatal care (ANC) services are essential to reduce the risk of neonatal asphyxia and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.

Literature Review: The Efficacy of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) On Weight Gain In Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants

afsnur Diyanariyah, Ria Angryni, Siti Hani, Trimawati — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants represent a highly vulnerable group with elevated mortality rates due to physiological immaturity, particularly regarding thermoregulation stability. Deficient fat reserves render these infants susceptible to rapid heat loss, forcing the body to expend excessive energy merely for survival, which subsequently hinders weight gain. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) serves as a critical intervention that utilizes maternal body heat to stabilize infant temperature. By achieving normothermia, nutritional energy can be maximized for cellular growth, leading to faster and more optimal weight gain compared to conventional care. This literature review aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of KMC implementation in stimulating accelerated weight gain among LBW infants. The primary focus is to identify the extent to which skin-to-skin contact interventions provide significant clinical contributions to physical stability and neonatal growth. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on eight scientific articles published between 2022 and 2025. Data were extracted from credible national and international databases using strict inclusion criteria. The evaluation process involved analyzing intervention duration parameters and comparing clinical outcomes across studies to produce a valid data synthesis. Synthesis of the literature confirms that consistent KMC implementation significantly impacts daily weight gain positively. Key findings indicate that long-duration interventions (at least 8 hours per day) result in superior growth outcomes compared to short-duration care. Furthermore, this method is clinically proven to enhance the success of exclusive breastfeeding, which acts as a primary determinant in meeting nutritional needs and increasing infant body mass. The conclusion of this study was kangaroo Mother Care is a highly effective, safe, and cost-efficient intervention strategy for optimizing the physical recovery of LBW infants. In addition to its benefits for weight growth, this method has clinical significance in reducing the duration of hospitalization, making it strongly recommended for integration as a standard in neonatal nursing care.

Literature Review: The Correlation Between Family Support and Preeclampsia Prevention Behavior

Desi Roikah, Lisa, Sri, Susan, Tina — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Preeclampsia is one of the most serious pregnancy complications and contributes significantly to maternal and fetal mortality. The prevention of preeclampsia can be achieved through regular antenatal care (ANC) examinations and early detection of risk factors during pregnancy. Family support, especially from husbands, plays an important role in improving pregnant women’s compliance with ANC visits and preeclampsia prevention behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between family support and preeclampsia prevention behavior among pregnant women based on previous research findings. The study employed a literature review method using research articles obtained from Google Scholar published between 2017 and 2025 with the keywords “preeclampsia,” “ANC compliance,” and “family support.” Of the 60 articles identified, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were considered relevant to the objectives of the study. The findings showed that family support was significantly associated with early detection behavior of preeclampsia risk, ANC compliance, pregnancy care behavior, and the psychological condition of pregnant women with preeclampsia. Pregnant women who received good family support were more likely to attend ANC visits regularly, comply with healthcare recommendations, and experience lower levels of anxiety. In conclusion, family support plays an important role in efforts to prevent preeclampsia. Therefore, families and healthcare providers are expected to enhance their involvement and provide continuous education to pregnant women in order to prevent pregnancy complications at an early stage

Literature Review: Factors Related to Menopause

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life characterized by the permanent cessation of menstruation due to a decline in estrogen hormone levels. biological factors (age at menarche, parity, hormonal contraception), social factors (work, education), and lifestyle factors (physical activity and diet). Although it is a natural process that inevitably occurs, the age of menopause onset and the intensity of symptoms that accompany it show very significant variation between individuals. This study aims to identify, analyze, and construct various multidimensional factors that trigger the acceleration of the age of menopause onset and affect the severity of symptoms experienced by women during the transition period. This study used a literature review method by searching for articles through the Google Scholar and PubMed databases from 2018 to 2025. The articles included were full-text articles with quantitative and qualitative research designs using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) approach. Of the twenty articles identified, ten met the inclusion criteria. The results show that factors influencing menopause include biological factors (age at menarche, parity, hormonal contraception), social factors (occupation, education), and lifestyle factors (physical activity and diet). Six journals discuss the age of first menstruation, four journals discuss parity, three journals discuss hormonal birth control, one journal discusses education, lifestyle. Factors that can influence the incidence of menopause for women in Indonesia are characteristic factors consisting of biological factors (age at menarche, parity, hormonal contraception), social factors (work, education), and lifestyle factors (physical activity and diet.

Determinants of Treatment Outcomes In TB/HIV Co-Infected Patients In Resource-Limited Settings

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection remain important public health problems, particularly in resource-limited settings. HIV-related immunosuppression increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections, especially tuberculosis, which contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV. In Bulungan District, North Kalimantan, TB/HIV co-infection cases continue to be identified, indicating ongoing challenges in treatment continuity and integrated healthcare services. This study used a retrospective descriptive design using secondary data obtained from medical records and HIV-TB program documentation in Bulungan District from 2022–2025. A total sampling technique was applied, involving 39 patients with TB/HIV co-infection. Variables analyzed included demographic characteristics, TB treatment outcomes, and HIV treatment status. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Result of this study was Most patients were male (64.1%) and belonged to productive age groups, particularly 25–34 years and 35–44 years. TB treatment outcomes showed that 20.5% of patients completed treatment, 25.6% died during treatment, and 10.3% experienced drop out or loss during follow-up. Meanwhile, 43.6% of patients were still undergoing treatment or had unknown final outcomes at the time of data collection. Most patients (84.6%) had received antiretroviral therapy (ARV), while several patients died before ARV initiation and one patient was categorized as lost to follow-up. Conclusion on this study was TB/HIV treatment outcomes in Bulungan District remain varied and indicate ongoing challenges related to continuity of care, treatment adherence, and patient follow-up. Strengthening integrated TB/HIV services, improving adherence support, and expanding nurse-led and community-based interventions are important to improve treatment outcomes in resource-limited settings.

Literature Review: Risk Factors for Diabetes in Children

Syahril Romadhan, Kurniawati, Romian Marpaung, Nurul Khamidah, Fuji Purwaningsih — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that is increasingly found in children. This condition is not only caused by genetic factors but is also influenced by various risk factors such as obesity, unhealthy diet, and sedentary lifestyle. This study aims to identify the risk factors of diabetes in children based on recent literature. The method used is a literature review of five scientific articles published between 2023 and 2024. The articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, including studies with cross-sectional, mixed-method, and literature review designs that discuss risk factors for diabetes in children. Data were analyzed descriptively by synthesizing the findings of each article. The results show that most studies consistently conclude that genetic factors (family history), obesity, high sugar and fat intake, and lack of physical activity are the main risk factors for diabetes in children. In addition, the increasing prevalence of obesity contributes to the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in children. In conclusion, the risk factors of diabetes in children are multifactorial, with major contributions from genetic and lifestyle factors; therefore, early prevention through healthy lifestyle and early detection in high-risk groups is essential.

Literature Review: Relationship of Uterine Contractions with the Event of the First Stage of the Prolonged Active Phase

Eka Yuanita Ratna Sari, Mareti, Lina, Hayat, Desty; Kartika — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Labor and delivery are physiological events that almost all women will experience. However, mortality and morbidity in women giving birth are a major problem in developing countries. Approximately 76% of maternal deaths occur during labor. In 2025, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia was recorded at 189 deaths per 100,000 live births. This figure places Indonesia as the country with the second highest MMR in the Southeast Asia region, only below Timor Leste, and is still far from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target of MMR below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. (1). Detection of uterine contractions through manual palpation shows limited accuracy, so a more objective monitoring method is needed. There are several factors that cause maternal death, one of which is prolonged labor, where prolonged labor causes an average of 8% of maternal deaths worldwide and 9% in Indonesia. Prolonged labor can have negative consequences for both the mother and the baby. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between uterine contraction characteristics and the length of the first stage of labor during the active phase. The research method used in this literature review was a search of articles through two major electronic databases: PubMed and Google Scholar. The search process was conducted between 2021 and 2025. The conclusion of his studi was Based on the analysis of six selected articles, it can be concluded that the characteristics of uterine contractions (Uterine Contractions) have a significant and strong correlation with the occurrence of prolonged active phase of the first stage of labor

Literature Review: Factors Associated with Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a pregnancy complication that remains a global health problem because it contributes to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. PROM can lead to various serious complications, such as intrauterine infection, preterm labor, and neonatal death. This literature review aims to describe the risk factors associated with PROM. This literature review employed a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar, searching articles published between 2021 and 2025. A total of 15 articles were reviewed, and 10 articles relevant to the topic of this literature review were identified. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were analyzed using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. The 10 articles identified four main factors significantly associated with the incidence of PROM: nutritional status, obstetric history, infection, and anemia. Poor nutritional status has been shown to increase the risk of PROM through impaired collagen synthesis, which leads to weakness of the amniotic membranes. Obstetrical history, such as high parity, gestational age, previous history of PROM, miscarriage, short gestational interval, and complications such as multiple pregnancies and breech presentation, contribute by increasing intrauterine pressure and decreasing the elasticity of reproductive tissues. Infection, particularly urinary tract and genital infections, is a dominant factor triggering the inflammatory response and degradation of the amniotic membranes. Furthermore, anemia contributes through tissue hypoxia and a weakened maternal immune system, increasing susceptibility to infection. Conclusion of thi sstudy was PROM is multifactorial and influenced by the interaction of various risk factors. Therefore, preventive efforts through early detection, improving the quality of antenatal care, and health education for pregnant women are needed to reduce the incidence of PROM.

Literature Review : The Relationship Between Mothers' Knowledge, Motivation, and the Role of Cadres with Toddler Visits to Integrated Health Posts

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Posyandu serves as a basic service center to prevent stunting, provide immunizations, monitor weight, and deliver nutrition education for mothers, in order to reduce infant mortality rates. This literature review aims to describe the relationship between maternal knowledge, motivation, and the role of cadres with toddler visits to posyandu. This literature review uses a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted through computer-based searches using the Google Scholar database with articles published between 2021 and 2025. Only articles with quantitative designs and full text were included in this analysis. Key data searches used the PICO technique (Population, Intervention, Compare, Outcome). Of the 15 articles identified, 10 articles were relevant to the topic of this literature review. These 10 articles show that mothers with good knowledge better understand the benefits of posyandu and are therefore more active in bringing their children. Motivation also influences toddler visits. Mothers with high motivation tend to be more consistent in participating in posyandu activities. In addition, the role of cadres has been shown to have a strong relationship with toddler visits. Cadres who are active in providing counseling and encouraging the community can increase the participation of mothers with toddlers. Maternal knowledge, motivation, and the role of cadres are interrelated factors that contribute significantly to increasing visits to posyandu.

Literature Review: Effectiveness of P6 Acupressure in Reducing First-Trimester Pregnancy Nausea and Vomiting

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Emesis gravidarum is a common condition experienced by women during the first trimester of pregnancy, characterized by nausea and vomiting due to hormonal changes, particularly increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen. If not properly managed, this condition may progress to hyperemesis gravidarum, which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, weight loss, and negatively affect maternal quality of life. Therefore, appropriate and safe management strategies are essential to prevent further complications. One widely used non-pharmacological therapy is acupressure at the Pericardium 6 (P6) point, which is considered safe, simple, cost-effective, and associated with minimal side effects. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of P6 acupressure in reducing nausea and vomiting among first-trimester pregnant women based on published research findings. This study employed a literature review using a narrative approach. Data were obtained from national and international journals through electronic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, published between 2021 and 2026. Articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as relevance to the research topic, availability of full text, and measurable outcomes. The selected studies were analyzed using content analysis techniques, focusing on research design, sample characteristics, intervention procedures, outcome measures, and key findings. A total of eight relevant studies were included and systematically compared based on research design, sample size, statistical results, and clinical implications. The findings indicate that most studies demonstrate that P6 acupressure is effective in reducing the frequency and intensity of nausea and vomiting. Several studies reported statistically significant results (p < 0.05), while one randomized controlled trial showed non-significant results despite observable clinical improvement. In addition, acupressure was found to reduce the use of antiemetic medications and improve maternal comfort and quality of life. Overall, the evidence suggests that P6 acupressure has consistent therapeutic potential as a complementary intervention. Therefore, P6 acupressure can be recommended as a safe and effective non-pharmacological therapy in managing emesis gravidarum, although further high-quality studies are needed to strengthen the evidence.

Literature Review: Risk Factors of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Commercial Sex Workers

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major public health concern, particularly among commercial sex workers who experience repeated sexual exposure, multiple sexual partners, and unequal power in negotiating safe sex practices. This literature review aimed to identify risk factors associated with STI incidence among commercial sex workers, with a specific focus on condom use, duration of sex work, and number of clients. This study used a literature review method by collecting, identifying, and evaluating previous research articles. Articles were searched through electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. The search was limited to studies published between 2021 and 2025 using the keywords “risk factors,” “commercial sex workers,” and “sexually transmitted infections.” Ten research articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed and analyzed. The findings showed that condom use was the most consistent factor associated with STI incidence. Most studies reported a significant relationship between inconsistent or unsafe condom use and higher STI risk, although one study found no significant association with chlamydia infection. Duration of sex work was also frequently associated with STI incidence, suggesting that longer involvement in sex work may increase cumulative exposure to sexual risks, condom failure, and reinfection. However, this factor showed more varied findings across studies, indicating that its effect may depend on other conditions such as access to screening, condom negotiation ability, and working environment. The number of clients was another important risk indicator, as higher client volume increased the frequency of sexual exposure and the possibility of contact with untreated infections. Overall, this review indicates that STI incidence among commercial sex workers is influenced by interconnected behavioral and occupational factors rather than a single determinant. Condom use and number of clients appeared to be the most consistent risk indicators, while duration of sex work showed more inconsistent results. STI prevention programs should therefore prioritize consistent condom use, free condom access, routine STI screening, targeted outreach for workers with high client volume, and supportive health services that reduce stigma and improve early treatment.

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Discharge Planning and Post-Hospitalization Patient Control Compliance

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Discharge planning is an important component of nursing care aimed at ensuring continuity of patient care after hospital discharge. One of the success indicators of discharge planning is patient adherence to follow-up visits after hospitalization. This study aims to analyze the relationship between discharge planning and patient adherence to follow-up visits after hospital discharge based on a literature review. The method used is a literature review of five scientific articles published between 2022–2025. The articles were selected based on inclusion criteria consisting of cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, and descriptive studies discussing discharge planning and patient adherence to follow-up care. Data analysis was conducted descriptively by synthesizing the results of each article. The results showed that discharge planning is associated with and has an influence on patient adherence to follow-up visits after hospital discharge. The most influential factors include health education, the role of nurses, and education provided at discharge. The conclusion of this study is that optimal discharge planning can improve patient adherence to follow-up visits after hospital discharge. Therefore, strengthening the role of healthcare providers, especially nurses, in discharge planning is essential to improve healthcare quality and prevent rehospitalization.

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Parenting Patterns and Nutritional Status with Preschool Development

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Toddler development is a crucial indicator of child health, reflecting the attainment of age-appropriate motor, language, cognitive, and socio-emotional milestones. Delays in development can adversely affect children's future learning, social functioning, and well-being. Nutritional status and parenting style are important factors influencing toddler development, as adequate nutrition supports optimal brain and physical growth, while appropriate parenting provides stimulation and emotional support. Therefore, understanding the relationship between nutritional status, parenting style, and toddler development is essential for identifying modifiable factors and developing effective family-based health promotion interventions. This literature review aims to describe the relationship between nutritional status and parenting patterns on the development of toddlers and preschoolers. This literature review employed a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using a computerized search of articles published between 2021 and 2025 using the Google Scholar database. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were searched using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. Of the 15 articles searched, 10 matched the topic of this literature review. These 10 articles demonstrated there is a relationship between parenting patterns and nutritional status with preschool development, that good nutritional status plays a significant role in supporting children's motor, cognitive, and social development, while malnutrition can lead to developmental delays. Furthermore, responsive, supportive parenting, and age-appropriate stimulation have been shown to positively impact children's language, motor, and socio-emotional development. Conversely, inappropriate parenting can hinder the optimal developmental potential of children. Conclusion of this study were Nutritional status and parenting are interrelated factors that contribute significantly to determining the quality of child development. Therefore, the active role of parents and the support of health workers are needed to provide adequate nutrition and appropriate parenting to optimize child growth and development.

Literature Review: The Efficacy of Olive Oil for Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Critical Care

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pressure ulcers represent a substantial clinical burden in critical care, where patient immobility and hemodynamic instability facilitate rapid tissue breakdown. The prevalence of these injuries can reach 92% in long-term care settings, highlighting a vital urgency for effective prevention. This literature review evaluates the efficacy of topical olive oil as a prophylactic agent for pressure ulcer prevention among critically ill populations, spanning adult, pediatric, and specialized stroke units. The methodology involved a systematic synthesis of eight primary research articles published between 2015 and 2025. These studies, conducted in diverse global intensive care settings, utilized varied designs including randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental methods to compare topical olive oil administration against routine nursing care or alternative lipid-based therapies. Results consistently indicate that olive oil significantly reduces the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers. Statistical analyses from the reviewed literature demonstrate that intervention groups frequently maintained a 0% incidence rate compared to significantly higher rates in control groups. For instance, specific studies reported a 100% incidence rate in control groups versus total prevention in intervention groups. Physiologically, the high concentration of oleic acid and phenolic compounds in olive oil reinforces the skin’s hydro-lipid barrier, mitigates transepidermal water loss, and provides essential anti-inflammatory protection. Furthermore, studies highlighted its effectiveness in managing Grade 1 ulcers by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing dermal resilience. In conclusion, topical olive oil is an efficacious, cost-effective, and safe intervention for pressure ulcer propyhlaxis in critical care.

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Benson Relaxation Technique and Blood Pressure Reduction in Elderly Patients with Hypertension

Indah Munariyah, Ilvi Nurdiana, Riska Sofia Indriani, Suwanti — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is a major global health problem contributing to high morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular complications. Non-pharmacological therapies, such as the Benson relaxation technique, are increasingly used as complementary approaches to control blood pressure. This study employed a descriptive literature review design. Articles were systematically searched through Google Scholar and Garuda databases within the publication period of 2021–2025. Inclusion criteria included original research articles, full-text availability, and relevance to the topic of Benson relaxation and blood pressure reduction. A total of five eligible articles were selected and analyzed narratively. All reviewed studies demonstrated a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure following the implementation of the Benson relaxation technique (p < 0.05). The intervention was typically conducted for 5–10 minutes, with a frequency of 1–2 times per day over 5–7 days. The findings indicate that Benson relaxation effectively promotes physiological relaxation by reducing sympathetic nervous system activity and enhancing parasympathetic response, leading to blood pressure stabilization. Conclusion of this study was the Benson relaxation technique is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension. It can be recommended as a complementary nursing intervention to improve patient outcomes.

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Self-efficacy and Self-care in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires continuous management through optimal self-care behaviors. Successful self-care is influenced by various factors, one of which is self-efficacy, which is an individual's belief in their ability to manage their disease and take necessary actions. Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in increasing patient motivation, compliance, and consistency in activities such as diet management, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and adherence to medication. Therefore, studying the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care is crucial in efforts to improve the quality of diabetes mellitus management. This literature review aims to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in diabetes mellitus patients based on the results of a literature review of various recent studies. This literature review employed a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using a computer search using the Google Scholar database for articles published between 2021 and 2025. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were searched using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. The analysis was conducted by comparing research results and identifying consistent findings related to the relationship between the two variables. Result f this study was based on 20 articles reviewed, eight matched the topic of this literature review. All eight articles analyzed demonstrated a significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in patients with diabetes mellitus. Reported significance values ranged from p=0.000 to p=0.017, indicating a statistically significant relationship. Furthermore, several studies have found that self-efficacy is associated with glycemic control and patient well-being, reflecting successful self-care practices. One study even reported a correlation coefficient of r=0.693, indicating a strong and positive relationship between the two variables. This finding indicates that the higher a patient's self-efficacy, the better their self-care skills. Conclusion of this study was self-efficacy plays a significant role as a predictor in improving self-care behavior in patients with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, interventions that focus on increasing self-efficacy, such as health education, social support, and counseling, are needed to improve patient compliance in carrying out self-care and achieving optimal clinical outcomes.

Literature Review: Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Hemorrhage

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal death worldwide, influenced by various maternal and obstetric risk factors. This literature review aims to describe the risk factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage. This literature review employed a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using a computerized search of articles published between 2021 and 2025 using the Google Scholar database. A total of 15 articles were searched and 10 articles were found that were in accordance with the topic of this literature review. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were searched using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. Results of this study was of the 15 articles searched, 10 matched the topic of this literature review. These 10 articles showed several factors consistently associated with postpartum hemorrhage, including age, parity, anemia, placenta previa, prolonged labor, and labor induction. Additionally, other factors such as retained placenta, uterine atony, birth canal lacerations, and placental abruption are also direct causes contributing to postpartum hemorrhage. Meanwhile, pregnancy spacing and parity have shown inconsistent results in several studies, influenced by differences in respondent characteristics. Preeclampsia has also been shown to increase the risk of postpartum hemorrhage through vascular and coagulation system disorders. Conclusion of this study was ostpartum hemorrhage is a multifactorial condition that requires special attention in prevention and management. Early identification of risk factors and appropriate management during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period are crucial to reducing the incidence and complications of postpartum hemorrhage.

Management of Auditory Hallucinations through Distraction Technique Training at Prof. Dr. Soerojo Psychiatric Hospital, Magelang

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Schizophrenia is frequently accompanied by auditory hallucinations, which are often exacerbated by medication non-adherence and maladaptive coping mechanisms. This study aims to describe the management of sensory perception disturbance (auditory hallucinations) through structured hallucination management training, specifically utilizing distraction techniques, at RSJ Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang. This research employed a descriptive method with a case study approach, involving a 38-year-old female patient diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia during the period of February 9–13, 2026. Data were collected via interviews, observation, and medical record documentation. Nursing interventions were implemented through four stages of Strategy Implementation (SP): assertive verbal command techniques (menghardik), medication adherence education (based on the "5 Rights" principle), social interaction techniques, and scheduled daily activities. The results demonstrate that these interventions were effective in reducing the frequency of hallucinations. The patient exhibited significant improvement in symptom recognition, the independent application of distraction techniques, and a reduction in social withdrawal behaviors. In conclusion, hallucination management utilizing distraction techniques, combined with medication adherence education, proved effective in enhancing patient independence. However, given the high history of relapse, successful long-term recovery necessitates a holistic approach, including the integration of family support and the continuity of post-discharge community mental health services to effectively prevent future relapse.

Medication Adherence in Pulmonary Tuburculosis Patients

Andi Sulistiyono, Yasa Monika, Nilyatii, Muhammad Imron Rosyidi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Medication adherence in patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is a critical factor for treatment success and disease transmission prevention. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients and the patterns of medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients in three healthcare facilities in Indonesia, namely Puskesmas Permata Kecubung, Sukamara Regency; Puskesmas Tanah Kuning, Bulungan Regency; and RSUD Muhammad Zein, East Belitung Regency. A descriptive quantitative method with a survey design was used. The sample consisted of 60 patients, with 20 patients from each location, selected using accidental sampling. Data collection was conducted simultaneously on March 29, 2026. Data were collected using a medication adherence questionnaire and an observation sheet to record patient characteristics, including age, gender, and education level. The results showed that the majority of respondents were aged 30–50 years (48.3%), with an equal distribution of males and females (50% each), and most respondents had a secondary education level (45%). The findings on medication adherence indicated that most respondents were in the adherent category (45%), followed by moderately adherent (35%) and non-adherent (20%). Variation among locations revealed the highest adherence at RSUD Muhammad Zein (50%) and the lowest at Puskesmas Tanah Kuning (40%). In conclusion, medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients in the three healthcare facilities is still at a level that needs improvement. Therefore, continuous education, routine monitoring, and strengthening support from family and healthcare providers are required to enhance patient adherence to completing their treatment. These efforts are expected to improve therapy success and reduce TB transmission in the community.

Overview of Medication Adherence in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

tri heryanto, Bora, Tiur, Khairul, Yudha, Umi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Medication adherence is an important factor in the successful management of diabetes mellitus. Poor adherence to medication therapy may lead to suboptimal blood glucose control and increase the risk of complications. This study aimed to describe medication adherence among diabetes mellitus patients at Puskesmas Permata Kecubung, Puskesmas Melata, and Sultan Imanuddin Hospital. This study used a descriptive quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 116 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected over four days starting from April 12, 2026 using a medication adherence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis in the form of frequency distribution and percentage. The results showed that most respondents were in the adherent category (54 respondents; 46.6%), followed by moderately adherent (39 respondents; 33.6%), and non-adherent (23 respondents; 19.8%). In conclusion, medication adherence among diabetes mellitus patients in the three study sites was generally in the adherent category, although some patients were still non-adherent. Therefore, health education and treatment monitoring by healthcare workers need to be improved.

Analysis of Pending BPJS Claims among Inpatients at RSUP dr. Johannes Leimena Ambon

Dwi Joko Setiyono, Yayan Mahendroyoko, Ita Puji Lestari — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pending claims refer to delays in the payment process of BPJS Kesehatan claims due to administrative, medical, or coding discrepancies. High rates of pending claims affect hospital cash flow and service efficiency. This study aimed to describe the pending claims of BPJS Kesehatan for inpatients at RSUP dr. Johannes Leimena Ambon in 2025 based on their characteristics and causative factors. This quantitative study used a descriptive design with a total sampling of 1,588 pending claim documents from 2025. Data were collected using observation checklists and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 19% of the total 8,206 claims were pending. The main administrative cause was incomplete referral documents (65%). In the medical aspect, incomplete patient progress notes (64%) were dominant. In coding, the use of non-specific diagnosis codes (92%) was the primary issue. In conclusion, pending claims at this hospital remain high and are driven by systemic issues across administrative, medical, and coding sectors.

Literature Review: Characteristics of Hypertensive Patients at Community Health Centers

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is a degenerative disease that has become a global health problem with a high prevalence, particularly among adults and the elderly. This study aims to identify the characteristics of patients with hypertension at Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) through a literature review method. Article searches were conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the keywords hypertension, characteristics, and Puskesmas. The inclusion criteria were studies published within the last five years, written in Indonesian and English, and focusing on the characteristics of hypertensive patients at Puskesmas. A total of 10 articles were analyzed in this review. The results show that hypertensive patients are predominantly female, aged ≥45 years, especially 46–65 years, with employment status as housewives or unemployed, and with low to moderate levels of education and low socioeconomic status. The most common risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary patterns, family history of hypertension, and smoking habits. In conclusion, hypertension is a multifactorial disease influenced by both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Therefore, promotive and preventive efforts are needed through health education, early detection, and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of hypertension in the community. Support from health policies and the enhanced role of healthcare workers are essential to strengthen the prevention and control of hypertension at the primary healthcare level in a sustainable manner across the population.

Literature Review: The Correlation Between Self-Efficacy and Self-Management and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Type II diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term management and has the potential to reduce patients' quality of life if not optimally managed. Psychological and behavioral factors, such as Self-efficacy and self-management, are known to play a crucial role in the successful management of this disease. This literature review aims to analyze the relationship between Self-efficacy and Self-management and quality of life in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, based on recent research. This literature review employed a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using a computer search using Google Scholar, searching for articles published between 2021 and 2025. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were searched using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. Results of this study was Of the 15 articles searched, seven were relevant to the topic of this literature review. Of the 7 articles, all analyzed studies reported a significant relationship between Self-efficacy and the quality of life of patients with type II diabetes mellitus, with p-values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.02. High Self-efficacy contributes to increased patient confidence in managing the disease, thus impacting adherence to therapy, controlling blood glucose levels, and reducing the risk of complications. In addition, all journals also showed a significant relationship between Self-management and quality of life, with p-values ranging from 0.000 to 0.01. Good Self-management includes the ability to regulate diet, physical activity, glucose monitoring, and medication adherence, which directly contribute to improving the health and well-being of patients. Furthermore, several studies have shown that Self-efficacy plays a role as a factor influencing self-management, which in turn impacts the quality of life of patients. This indicates a mutually related relationship between these two variables in improving the quality of life of patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Thus, interventions focused on improving Self-efficacy and Self-management are crucial in managing this disease. Conclusion in this study was Self-efficacy and Self-management are important factors significantly related to the quality of life of patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthcare professionals need to improve these two aspects through education, counseling, and comprehensive disease management programs to achieve optimal quality of life for patients.

Literature Review: Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping on Neonatal Hemoglobin Levels

Tiara Karlina, Lorensia, Ervina, Meliyana Warman, Tiara Karlina, Ida Sofiyanti — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Delayed cord clamping (DCC) is a simple intervention recommended in labor and delivery to improve the hematological status of newborns. Premature cord clamping can inhibit blood transfusion from the placenta to the baby, potentially reducing hemoglobin levels. This literature review aims to analyze the effect of delayed cord clamping on newborn hemoglobin levels based on variations in delay time and the underlying physiological mechanisms. Desain a literature review method. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, searching for articles published between 2021 and 2025. Of the 15 articles searched, eight matched the topic of this literature review. Only articles with a quantitative design and full text were included in this analysis. Key data were searched using the PICO (Population Intervention Compare Outcome) technique. Results of this study was the eight articles demonstrated that delayed cord clamping for 1–3 minutes to more than 180 seconds significantly improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels compared to immediate clamping. A 2-minute delay in cord clamping has also been shown to be effective in increasing hemoglobin levels in newborns. The main mechanisms underlying this increase are placental transfusion, increased blood volume, and an increase in the number of red blood cells, which contribute to increased iron stores. Furthermore, DCC does not significantly increase the risk of complications such as polycythemia or hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusion of this study was delayed cord clamping is an effective, safe, and recommended intervention for delivery practice to increase hemoglobin levels and prevent anemia in newborns.

Literature Review: The Effects of Infant Massage on Infant Sleep Quality

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sleep disturbances in infants are common problems that may affect infant growth and development as well as parental well-being. Infant massage is a non-pharmacological intervention that is believed to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality in infants. This study aimed to analyze the effects of infant massage on sleep patterns and sleep quality among infants aged 0–12 months. This study employed a literature review design. Articles were systematically searched through Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest databases published between 2019 and 2026. The article selection process was conducted using the PICO framework. Inclusion criteria included quantitative research articles available in full text and published in English or Indonesian. A total of 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings consistently demonstrated that infant massage has significant positive effects on infant sleep patterns and sleep quality, including increased sleep duration, reduced frequency of nighttime awakenings, faster sleep onset, and improved infant relaxation. Physiologically, infant massage may stimulate the release of serotonin and melatonin hormones while reducing cortisol levels, thereby supporting better sleep regulation. Infant massage is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for improving sleep patterns and sleep quality in infants. Therefore, infant massage may be recommended as part of routine infant care to support optimal growth and development.

Literature Review: Factors Associated with the Selection of Long-Term Contraceptive Methods (LTCM)

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The use of Long-Term Contraceptive Methods (LTCM) such as IUD, implant, MOW (female sterilization/tubal ligation), and MOP (male sterilization/vasectomy) is one of the most effective family planning strategies to control population growth. LTCM offers high effectiveness in preventing unwanted pregnancies over an extended period of protection. Various factors are known to influence the choice of LTCM, including knowledge, husband support, education level, parity, age, occupation, income, access to information, and health service quality. This literature review aims to identify and analyze factors associated with the selection of Long-Term Contraceptive Methods (LTCM) among family planning acceptors. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach using the PICO framework to collect, identify, and evaluate existing research data. A Systematic search was conducted through Google Scholar for articles published between 2020 and 2025. Only articles with quantitative design and full text were included. Inclusion criteria included articles focused on LTCM selection factors, published in Indonesian or English, and classified as research articles. Articles in the form of theses or dissertations and those not freely accessible were excluded. The article selection process followed PRISMA guidelines. A total of 200 records were identified, 180 were excluded after title/abstract screening and full-text assessment, leaving 10 studies included in this review. The majority of studies found significant relationships between knowledge, husband support, education, parity, health service quality, age, occupation, and income level with LTCM selection. Conclusion of this study was most studies indicate that knowledge, husband support, and health service quality appear to be key factors associated with LTCM selection. Sociodemographic factors such as education, parity, age, occupation, and income also play a role, though less consistently. Health education and counseling efforts need to be improved to increase LTCM acceptance rates.

Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus at Long BIA Health Center

Yulianae Yulianae, Hendri Pratama, Eka Pani, Desi Vivien Serly L, Rosalina — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that remains a major public health problem due to its potential to cause serious complications if not detected and managed early. Early detection of DM is essential to prevent disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. This study aimed to describe the implementation of early detection of Diabetes Mellitus among patients at Long Bia Community Health Center. This study used a descriptive quantitative design. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 40 Diabetes Mellitus patients as respondents. Data were collected on February 18, 2026 using a questionnaire covering respondents' characteristics and DM early detection practices. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis with frequency distribution and percentages. The results showed that most respondents were in the moderate category of early detection, totaling 18 people (45%), followed by good category with 12 people (30%), and poor category with 10 people (25%). These findings indicate that DM early detection at Long Bia Health Center has been implemented, but it is not yet optimal and not consistently performed. In conclusion, the implementation of Diabetes Mellitus early detection among patients at Long Bia Health Center is still at a moderate level, indicating the need for improved health education, strengthening routine screening programs, and optimizing the role of health workers to increase patient awareness and adherence to early detection of DM.

Systematic Review: Effectiveness of Self-Efficacy and Audiovisual Education on Diabetic Foot Care

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing global prevalence and represents a major public health burden. One of its most serious complications is Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU), which significantly contributes to morbidity, reduced quality of life, and lower limb amputation. Poor foot care behavior among patients is commonly associated with insufficient knowledge and low self-efficacy. In recent years, self-efficacy–based education and audiovisual interventions have been introduced as innovative strategies to improve diabetes self-management, particularly foot care practices. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of self-efficacy–based and audiovisual educational interventions in improving knowledge, self-efficacy, adherence, and foot care behavior among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This study employed a systematic review design following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for quasi-experimental studies. A total of 120 articles were initially identified, 25 duplicates were removed, and after screening and eligibility assessment, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Data were synthesized using a narrative approach due to heterogeneity in study designs and measurement tools. Result of this study was all included studies demonstrated statistically significant improvements in at least one outcome variable (p < 0.05). Self-efficacy–based interventions consistently improved patients’ confidence and motivation in performing foot care practices. Audiovisual and digital-based education showed stronger effects in improving knowledge retention, adherence, and behavioral change compared to conventional education methods such as leaflets. Interventions combining education, demonstration, and audiovisual media produced the most comprehensive improvements in knowledge, self-efficacy, and foot care behavior. Variations in effectiveness were influenced by intervention duration, educational methods, and participant characteristics. Conclusion of this study was Self-efficacy–based and audiovisual educational interventions are effective in improving foot care behavior among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. These interventions enhance cognitive, psychological, and behavioral outcomes and have the potential to prevent Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Integration of audiovisual and digital health education into routine diabetes care is strongly recommended.

Literature Review: Early Detection of Gestational Hypertension Using the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Method

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Gestational hypertension is a pregnancy complication that contributes to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early detection is necessary to prevent complications such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is a simple screening method that more accurately reflects organ perfusion. This study aims to examine the role of MAP as a predictor of gestational hypertension. This literature review was conducted by searching for published results in the Google Scholar, ProQuest, and PubMed databases between 2021 and 2026 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method. The keywords used are early detection, gestational hypertension, and Mean Arterial Pressure. A literature review identified 17 sources that met the inclusion criteria. The conclusion is that measurement of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is an effective diagnostic method for detecting the risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia as early as the first trimester of pregnancy. This measurement is also easy to perform, inexpensive, and easily implemented in healthcare facilities for widespread screening of the pregnant population. MAP measurement also has limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, so it needs to be combined with other parameters to improve predictive accuracy. MAP measurement is most effective when combined with the following assessments: 1) Biomarkers, such as sFlt-1/PlGF (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor) and PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A), 2) Doppler ultrasound of the uterine arteries, 3) the pregnant woman’s clinical history. MAP testing should be implemented in a standardized manner as part of routine screening during antenatal care visits, particularly in during the first trimester of pregnancy and repeated in the second trimester.

Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage in Sports Science Students

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Body Mass Index (BMI) is widely used as a simple indicator of nutritional status, but it has limitations because it cannot differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. This limitation often leads to misclassification, particularly among athletes or physically active individuals. To provide a more accurate depiction of body composition, body fat percentage measurements are required. This study aimed to examine the relationship between BMI and body fat percentage among Sports Science students at Ngudi Waluyo University in 2026, thereby evaluating the effectiveness of BMI as an indicator of nutritional status in this population. A quantitative observational design with a cross-sectional approach was employed, involving 46 students (39 males and 7 females). BMI was calculated from body weight and height, while body fat percentage was determined using skinfold thickness measurements at seven anatomical sites based on the Jackson & Pollock method, with conversion to body fat percentage using Siri’s equation. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test to assess the strength and significance of the relationship between BMI and body fat percentage. The results revealed variations in BMI categories ranging from underweight, normal, to overweight. Students with higher BMI generally exhibited greater body fat percentages, while those with normal or underweight BMI showed moderate to low body fat percentages. For example, Ulva Lutviyah (BMI 29.6) had a body fat percentage of 21.9%, whereas Indah Karunia Telaumbanua (BMI 20.4) had 12.6%, and Romanus Ficerman Gulo (BMI 18.8) had approximately 7%. Pearson’s correlation analysis yielded r = 0.82 with p < 0.05, indicating a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between BMI and body fat percentage. However, certain cases highlighted BMI’s limitations, such as overweight students with relatively low body fat due to higher muscle mass. In conclusion, BMI can serve as an initial indicator of nutritional status, but it should be complemented with body fat percentage measurements to provide a more accurate evaluation. These findings emphasize the importance of combining BMI and skinfold assessments in monitoring student health and fitness, while future studies should consider larger samples and additional variables such as dietary patterns, physical activity, and muscle mass.

Factors Associated with Malaria Relapse among Patients in the Halilulik Community Health Center Catchment Area, Belu Regency, Indonesia

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria remains a major global public health concern, particularly in tropical regions. Indonesia is among the malaria-endemic countries, recording approximately 443,530 cases, with around 89% of confirmed infections originating from Papua Province. This high burden is influenced by environmental conditions that support mosquito breeding, as well as the ability of the parasite to remain dormant in the body when treatment is incomplete or improperly followed, leading to malaria recurrence. This study aimed to identify factors associated with malaria relapse among patients in the working area of Halilulik Community Health Center, Belu Regency. An analytic study with a cross-sectional approach was employed, and data were collected through questionnaires. A total of 27 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through structured epidemiological investigation forms and analyzed using the Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact Test where appropriate. Accidental sampling technique. Data from epidemiological investigation forms were analyzed statistically using the chi-square test. The findings showed that age (p = 0.413), occupation (p = 0.224), and nutritional status (p = 0.131) were not significantly associated with malaria relapse. In contrast, gender was found to have a significant relationship with relapse (p = 0.049). Furthermore, education level (p = 0.000) and medication adherence (p = 0.001) were identified as significant factors related to malaria recurrence. Education appeared to play a dominant role, as it influences understanding of disease management, which may contribute to parasite dormancy in the body, repeated relapse episodes, and potential drug resistance when treatment is not properly followed. In conclusion, gender, education level, and medication adherence showed significant associations with malaria recurrence among patients in the working area of Halilulik Community Health Center.

Managing The Risk of Nutritional Deficiencies Through Nutritional Management (Structured Dietary Education) in Children with Dengue Fever in Hospital

Siti Haryani, Misbakhul Surya Adi Pratama — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Dengue hemorrhagic fever remains a major public health issue, particularly among children, as the number of people affected by this disease is quite high and the risk of complications is also significant. Children with dengue hemorrhagic fever often experience symptoms such as loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, which cause them to lose their appetite. In addition, their bodies require more energy to fight the infection, putting them at risk of nutritional deficiency. This study aims to explain how to manage the risk of nutritional deficiency by providing education on planned dietary patterns for children suffering from DBD. The method used is a descriptive case study approach focusing on the nursing care process, which includes data collection, problem identification, problem management, implementation of interventions, and outcome assessment. The primary nursing diagnosis identified was the risk of malnutrition due to decreased appetite and inadequate food intake. Interventions focused on managing nutrition and educating families about dietary patterns, such as feeding small but frequent meals, choosing easily digestible foods with high nutritional value, and ensuring fluid needs are met. The program was implemented by monitoring the types and amounts of food consumed, checking body weight, and providing guidance to parents on healthy and appropriate eating habits during illness and recovery. The results showed an increase in nutrient intake, greater consumption of healthy foods, and improved family knowledge regarding children’s nutritional needs. Education on regular eating habits has been shown to help prevent nutritional problems and support the recovery of children with dengue fever.

Literature Review: Nurses’ Caring Behavior in Emergency Situations

Nur Habibah, Efigenia Viegas, Ian Indra Samban, Natalia Devi Oktarina — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Emergency services require nurses to have high competence and to demonstrate caring behavior in delivering fast, accurate, and holistic care. Caring behavior is an important indicator of the quality of nursing services; however, various studies indicate that its implementation is still not optimal. This study aims to identify the factors influencing nurses’ caring behavior in emergency situations using a systematic literature review method.The literature search was conducted through Google Scholar and PubMed with inclusion criteria including articles published between 2020 and 2026, written in Indonesian or English, involving nurse subjects, and available in full-text form. A total of 10 articles were analyzed in this study. The results show that nurses’ caring behavior is influenced by individual factors (personality), psychological factors (work motivation), and organizational factors (workload and rewards). Workload is identified as the most dominant factor, where high workload can reduce the quality of caring behavior. Work motivation is positively associated with caring behavior, while demographic characteristics do not show a significant influence. In conclusion, nurses’ caring behavior is influenced by interrelated factors, particularly workload and motivation. Therefore, optimal workload management and enhanced motivation through organizational support are necessary to improve the quality of nursing care in emergency units.

The Analysis of Nutritional Status of The Kadirejo Village Community as A Supporting Factor for The Sports Development Index of Semarang Regency

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nutritional status is one of the important factors that affect the level of fitness and community participation in sports activities. This study aims to find out how the nutritional status of the people of Kadirejo Village plays a supporting factor in increasing the Sports Development Index (IPO) of Semarang Regency. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study is the people of Kadirejo Village as many as 29 people who were selected by purposive sampling technique. The research instruments include a scale to measure weight, a microtoice to measure height and a formula (BMI) to measure nutritional status. The results of the study showed that there were 14 respondents with normal nutritional status (48.28%), nutritional status of more than 9 people (31.03%), lack nutritional status of 4 people (13.79%) and obesity 2 people (6.90%). The conclusion of this study is that most of the people of Kadirejo Village have normal nutritional status. Which supports factors in the increase in the Sports Development Index (IPO) of Semarang Regency.

Integrating Digital Technologies to Strengthen Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Indonesia’s Pharmacovigilance System

Anisa Dewi Fortuna, Devi Mardiyanti — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The optimization of pharmacovigilance through digital transformation has become a global priority to improve patient safety and drug regulation. Indonesia’s pharmacovigilance system, which has traditionally relied on manual and fragmented reporting, faces persistent challenges such as underreporting, limited awareness, and slow data processing. This study aims to analyze the integration of digital technologies to strengthen Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reporting within Indonesia’s pharmacovigilance framework. Using a literature review method, ten national and international studies published between 2023 and 2025 were analyzed, focusing on mobile health applications, electronic medical records (EMR), artificial intelligence (AI), and the e-MESO platform. The results show that digital technologies significantly enhance ADR reporting accuracy, speed, and completeness, while improving coordination between healthcare professionals and regulatory authorities. AI and Big Data analytics further enable early signal detection and predictive risk assessment, reducing human error and facilitating evidence-based decision-making. However, challenges remain in data standardization, system interoperability, digital literacy, and cybersecurity. The study concludes that digital integration within pharmacovigilance is not only a technical innovation but also a strategic effort to foster transparency, accountability, and a safety-oriented culture. Strengthening infrastructure, policy alignment, and cross-sector collaboration is crucial to achieving a sustainable and intelligent pharmacovigilance ecosystem in Indonesia.

Literature Review: The Effect of Knowledge and Communication, Information, and Education (CIE) on the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Anemia in pregnant women remains a global health problem that can increase the risk of pregnancy complications and adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. The occurrence of anemia is influenced not only by biological factors but also by non-biological factors, such as maternal knowledge and Communication, Information, and Education (CIE) interventions. Adequate knowledge can promote positive health behaviors, thereby contributing to the prevention of anemia.This study aimed to analyze the effect of maternal knowledge and CIE on the incidence of anemia in pregnant women using a literature review approach. The literature search was conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases, covering publications from 2017 to 2025. The keywords used included “anemia in pregnant women,” “maternal knowledge of anemia,” “health education anemia pregnancy,” and “CIE anemia.” The inclusion criteria were articles published in English or Indonesian, available in full text, and discussing the relationship between knowledge or educational interventions and anemia in pregnant women. The exclusion criteria included irrelevant articles, non–full-text articles, and duplicates. From an initial search of 30 articles, a screening process was conducted, resulting in 5 articles that met the criteria and were analyzed descriptively.The results of the review showed that 3 out of 5 articles reported a significant association between maternal knowledge and the incidence of anemia, where low knowledge increased the risk of anemia. In addition, one experimental study demonstrated that CIE interventions were effective in significantly improving maternal knowledge. However, there is still insufficient evidence to confirm that increased knowledge through CIE directly reduces the incidence of anemia, as it is influenced by other factors such as nutritional status, adherence to iron tablet consumption, and antenatal care visits.In conclusion, maternal knowledge and CIE play an important role in preventing anemia in pregnant women through improving health behaviors; however, they have not been directly proven to reduce the incidence of anemia. Therefore, more comprehensive interventions and studies with stronger research designs are needed.

Literature Review: Enhancing Awareness of A Healthy Lifestyle Culture Among College Students

Maya Priastuti T, Suwa Suwanti, Indah Safitri — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The development of modern lifestyles has led many college students to adopt unhealthy habits, resulting in suboptimal awareness of a healthy lifestyle culture. Many factors influence awareness of healthy living. This study aims to examine the factors influencing and strategies for improving awareness of a healthy lifestyle culture among university students. This study employed an analytical-critical literature review approach using sources from national and international journals published between 2023 and 2025, obtained through various scientific databases. The findings indicate that knowledge, attitudes, psychological factors such as self-compassion, the use of social media, as well as campus environmental support and health education programs play important roles in enhancing students’ awareness and healthy lifestyle behaviours. However, variations in the consistency of implementation are still observed. Conclusion of this study was improving awareness of a healthy lifestyle culture requires a comprehensive and sustainable approach through the integration of education, environmental support, and psychological factors. Higher education institutions are expected to develop structured health promotion programs and utilize digital technology to enhance the effectiveness of health education.

Analysis of The Nutritional Status of Trengginas Badminton Athletes

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nutritional status reflects the balance between nutrient intake and the body's needs. In athletes, nutritional status is an important indicator in assessing physical readiness and the body's ability to cope with training loads. Suboptimal nutritional status can lead to various negative impacts, such as decreased endurance, muscle strength, reaction speed, and consistent performance during matches. This study aims to analyze the nutritional status of badminton athletes from the PB Trengginas Ungaran club. This study is a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size for this study was 7 athletes using a total sampling technique. The instruments used in this study included a weighing scale for weighing, a microtoice for measuring height, and the Body Mass Index formula (BW (kg) / BH (m2)) to determine nutritional status. The results of this study include: 5 athletes (71.4%) were categorized as underweight, 1 athlete (14.3%) was categorized as normal, and 1 athlete (14.3%) was categorized as overweight. The conclusion of this study is that the majority of athletes are underweight.

Literature Review: Determinants of Knowledge, Attitude, Social Support, and Nutritional Awareness on Premarital Screening Compliance among Prospective Brides in Indonesia

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Premarital screening is an essential step in preventing reproductive health risks and improving preconception readiness among prospective brides. However, compliance with premarital screening in Indonesia remains low. This study aims to identify the determinants of knowledge, attitude, social support, and nutritional awareness influencing premarital screening compliance among prospective brides in Indonesia. A narrative synthesis method was applied to relevant national and international studies published between 2018 and 2024 in midwifery and public health journals. The findings revealed that good knowledge and positive attitudes, along with social support from partners, families, and healthcare providers, play an important role in improving compliance with premarital screening. Moreover, nutritional awareness related to anemia prevention and folic acid intake contributes to preconception readiness. Digital-based education has been proven effective in enhancing understanding and participation among prospective brides. In conclusion, compliance with premarital screening is influenced by cognitive, social, and nutritional factors. Therefore, integrating nutrition education and digital approaches into premarital programs is essential to strengthen reproductive health readiness.

Literature Review: Determinants of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Burnout among healthcare workers is an occupational health problem that significantly affects service quality and patient safety. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, reduced motivation, and decreased performance due to prolonged work-related stress. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with burnout among healthcare workers based on a literature review. The method used was a descriptive literature review of five scientific articles published in 2024–2025 with a cross-sectional quantitative design. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and GARUDA databases and analyzed using a comparative descriptive approach. The results indicate that workload, work stress, and job conflict are the main factors associated with increased burnout among healthcare workers. In addition, psychosocial factors such as social support and organizational factors such as work environment and work-life balance also play important protective roles. Meanwhile, demographic factors such as age and length of service show inconsistent results across studies. In conclusion, burnout among healthcare workers is influenced by multidimensional factors, particularly workload and social support, highlighting the need for organizational interventions and psychosocial support to prevent burnout.

Literature Review: Association Between DMPA Injectable Contraceptive Use and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Family Planning Acceptors

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Injectable contraception is one of the most popular choices among family planning users in Indonesia. Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception is one of the most widely used hormonal contraceptive methods in Indonesia and globally. Despite its high effectiveness in preventing pregnancy, the use of DMPA is known to cause various side effects, particularly disruptions to the menstrual cycle. Menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, spotting, and irregular bleeding are among the most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation among acceptors, making a comprehensive understanding of their prevalence and underlying mechanisms essential in midwifery practice. This study aimed to identify and analyze the profile of menstrual disorders among DMPA injectable contraceptive acceptors based on findings from previously published studies, as well as to examine the relationship between the duration of DMPA use and the occurrence of menstrual disorders. This study used a literature review design with this systematization mapping evidence from intervention studies 2021–2026 using the PRISMA guide, with searches in Sage, PubMed, Springer Nature, Wiley, etc., via Boolean operators and MeSH keywords: ["Medroxyprogesterone Acetate" OR "Depo-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate" AND "Contraceptive Agents" OR "Contraceptive Effects" AND "Menstrual Cycle"]. Articles were assessed using PICOS and methodological quality (study design, data extraction, risk of bias, synthesis). Of the 309 articles identified, 69 remained after full-text/open access filtering, and 12 after inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results of this study was the 12 articles analyzed, the majority found a significant association between the use of DMPA injectable contraception and menstrual disorders. Amenorrhea was the most dominant disorder, with a prevalence ranging from 50% to 75% across studies. Other disorders identified included spotting (33.3%–74%), hypomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, menorrhagia, and metrorrhagia. Long-term DMPA use (more than one year) was consistently associated with an increased risk of amenorrhea, mediated through suppression of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian (HPO) axis, resulting in decreased levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol, as well as endometrial atrophy. One study reported no significant association (p=0.852), which may be attributed to differences in sample characteristics and measurement methods applied. Conclusionon this study was the use of DMPA injectable contraception is strongly associated with menstrual disorders, particularly amenorrhea, the prevalence of which increases with longer duration of use. These disorders arise from hormonal suppression of the HPO axis, leading to inhibition of ovulation and endometrial atrophy.

Literature Review: The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Therapy in Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic health problems experienced by the elderly and contributes significantly to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although pharmacological therapy is frequently used, non-pharmacological interventions such as progressive muscle relaxation therapy are considered effective and safe in reducing blood pressure. This literature review aims to determine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological therapy in hypertensive patients in reducing and controlling blood pressure. This journal's literature uses a Narrative Review approach, using Google Scholar as its database. The search was limited to articles published between 2020 and 2025. Selected journals were those relevant to hypertension and non-pharmacological therapies. Results of this study was 5 journals were selected as research reference sources that met the criteria. Results from these five referenced scientific journals indicate that non-pharmacological hypertension therapy is effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion of this study was non-pharmacological therapies recommended according to reference sources include gymnastics for the elderly, deep breathing relaxation therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery therapy, and music therapy.

Analysis Of Blood Pressure After Swimming Exercise (Study Case in Sport Science Students at Universitas Ngudi Waluyo)

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Swimming is an aerobic exercise that provides substantial cardiovascular benefits by improving cardiac function, vascular elasticity, and autonomic regulation. Acute swimming exercise induces physiological changes in blood pressure, reflecting cardiovascular adaptation to increased metabolic demand. Although these responses have been widely investigated among athletes and clinical populations, evidence regarding Sport Science students remains limited. This study aimed to analyze blood pressure changes after moderate-intensity swimming exercise among Sport Science students at Ngudi Waluyo University. A quantitative descriptive study design was conducted involving 46 Sport Science students selected through purposive sampling. Blood pressure was measured immediately after a 30-minute moderate-intensity swimming session using a calibrated digital sphygmomanometer. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics. Results of this study was the mean systolic blood pressure was 126.02 ± 12.49 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 80.30 ± 9.11 mmHg. Conclusion of this study was Moderate-intensity swimming exercise was blood pressure after exercise is pre-hypertension.

Analysis of Nutritional Status of Sport Science Students

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nutritional status is one of the important indicators in determining a person's level of health and physical fitness, especially among Sport Science students. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional status of students in the Sport Science Study Program at Universitas Ngudi Waluyo. The research method used was a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 46 Sport Science students at UNW selected using a sampling technique to determine the number of participants. The instruments used for data collection included a microtoise to measure body weight and height, while the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula was used to calculate students’ nutritional status. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive correlation analysis. The results showed that 6 students (13.0%) were categorized as underweight, 31 students (67.04%) had normal nutritional status, and 9 students (19.06%) were categorized as overweight. The conclusion of this study is that the majority of Sport Science students have a normal nutritional status.

Geographic Disparities in Minimum Health Service Standards Implementation across Sub-districts in Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Indonesia

nova ferlina mai syapitri, Dita Indriyani Mai Adha, Heri Sugiarto — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Geographic disparities in healthcare service delivery remain a critical challenge in achieving universal health coverage, particularly in rural Indonesian districts. The Minimum Health Service Standards (SPM) framework provides measurable targets for essential health services. This study aimed to analyze geographic disparities in SPM implementation across sub-districts in Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. A descriptive analytical study was conducted using secondary data from 94 villages across six sub-districts in Kotawaringin Barat Regency in 2025. Data included 12 SPM health service indicators covering maternal and child health, communicable and non-communicable diseases, and productive age population services. Descriptive analysis examined service target distribution patterns, disparity ratios between urban and rural areas, and service coverage variations. Results of this study was significant geographic disparities were identified across sub-districts. Arut Selatan sub-district, representing urban areas, showed the highest service targets with 381 pregnant women, 13,066 productive age population, and 2,514 hypertension patients in Kelurahan Baru village. In contrast, remote villages like Keraya (Kumai sub-district) recorded minimal targets with only 1 pregnant woman and 90 productive age population. The urban-rural disparity ratio for productive age population services reached 145:1, while hypertension services showed a 251:1 ratio. Non-communicable disease prevalence was concentrated in urban areas, with Arut Selatan accounting for 32% of total hypertension cases and 28% of diabetes mellitus cases. Conclusion of this study was geographic disparities in SPM implementation are substantial, with urban areas showing significantly higher service demands and disease burdens. These findings necessitate differentiated health service strategies, including mobile health services for remote areas and strengthened non-communicable disease programs in urban settings.

Literature Review: Factors Affecting Medication Adherence in Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Community Health Centers

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a continuously increasing global prevalence and the potential to cause various serious complications if not properly managed. One of the key aspects in managing diabetes mellitus is patients’ adherence to medication, which plays a crucial role in controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complications. However, patient adherence to treatment remains a significant issue in various healthcare settings, including primary healthcare centers. This study aims to identify the factors influencing medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a literature review method. The literature search was conducted through databases such as Google Scholar and other sources, with inclusion criteria including articles published between 2020 and 2026, written in Indonesian or English, and focusing on medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 10 relevant articles were analyzed in this study.The results of the review indicate that medication adherence is influenced by various factors, particularly knowledge, motivation, attitudes, medication beliefs, family support, and the role of healthcare professionals. These factors have been shown to have a significant relationship in improving patients’ adherence to therapy. Meanwhile, demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and occupation show inconsistent results across studies. In conclusion, medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus is a complex behavior influenced by both internal and external factors. Therefore, efforts to improve education, motivation, as well as family and healthcare support are needed to enhance patient adherence and improve the quality of life of individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Mental Health and Rehabilitation Adherence Among PELATKAB Semarang Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Functional ankle instability (FAI) is one of the most common recurrent injuries among athletes, often leading to prolonged physical limitations and psychological distress. While physical rehabilitation is the primary intervention, mental health factors play a critical role in rehabilitation adherence and recovery outcomes. This study examined the relationship between psychosocial factors, mental health status, and rehabilitation adherence among 280 PELATKAB Kabupaten Semarang athletes with a history of functional ankle instability. A cross-sectional survey design was utilized. Data were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training (RAMAT). Results indicated that 64.3% of athletes experienced moderate to high perceived stress, and 51.8% reported mild to moderate anxiety. Rehabilitation adherence showed a strong negative correlation with perceived stress (r = −0.68, p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = −0.59, p < 0.001). Social support was a significant positive predictor of adherence. Athletes who received psychological support demonstrated significantly higher adherence rates. These findings highlight the substantial influence of mental health on rehabilitation success in regional athletes. Integrating routine mental health screening and psychosocial interventions into standard rehabilitation protocols is strongly recommended, especially within the PELATKAB system in Indonesia.

Literature Review: An Overview of Mothers’ Behavior Regarding The Prevention of ARI (Acute Respiratory Infections) in Toddlers

Natalia Devi Oktarina, Mirwan Mirwan — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the major health problems in children under five years and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in many countries, including Indonesia. This condition may lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, impaired growth and development, and even death if not properly prevented and managed. One of the key factors in preventing ARI is maternal behavior, which includes knowledge, attitudes, and practices in caring for and protecting children from infection risks. This study aims to analyze maternal behavior regarding ARI prevention in under-five children based on a literature review. The method used was a literature review of five scientific articles published between 2021 and 2024. The articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, namely quantitative studies with cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, and descriptive designs that examined the relationship or effect of maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices on ARI prevention in under-five children. Data analysis was conducted descriptively by synthesizing research findings, including significance values and main results from each study. The results showed that all studies identified relationships and effects between maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices and ARI prevention in children under five. Astiarani et al. (2023) reported a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, and preventive behavior (p < 0.05). Sari et al. (2021) found that parental knowledge and behavior were significantly associated with ARI incidence (p = 0.007 and p = 0.038). Manh et al. (2023) showed that education level, occupation, and income were associated with maternal KAP levels (p < 0.05). Salma et al. (2024) demonstrated that health education significantly improved maternal knowledge regarding ARI prevention (p = 0.000). Abdelatty et al. (2022) found that although mothers had relatively good knowledge, preventive practices were still not optimal. The conclusion of this study indicates that maternal behavior, including knowledge, attitudes, and practices, plays an important role in preventing ARI in under-five children. Therefore, ARI prevention efforts should focus on improving health education, strengthening maternal behavior, and implementing community-based interventions to reduce ARI incidence in children.

Literature Review : Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, a condition characterized by increased serum bilirubin levels in newborns, remains a global health problem due to its potential to cause serious neurological complications such as kernicterus. Various risk factors are known to be associated with hyperbilirubinemia, but ABO incompatibility, low birth weight, and nutritional intake are the most frequently identified. This literature review aims to analyze the relationship between ABO incompatibility, birth weight, and nutritional intake and the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates based on research findings from 2021–2025. The method used is a literature review with articles sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ProQuest. The reviewed articles consist of national and international studies discussing risk factors for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The review results indicate that ABO incompatibility is the most dominant factor influencing hyperbilirubinemia because it causes erythrocyte hemolysis, resulting in a significant increase in indirect bilirubin production. Low birth weight is also associated with hyperbilirubinemia due to immaturity of liver function and low bilirubin conjugation capacity in neonates. Furthermore, inadequate nutritional intake, particularly suboptimal breastfeeding, increases the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin due to delayed meconium excretion. Most studies have shown a significant association between these three factors and the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The conclusion of this literature review is that ABO incompatibility, low birth weight, and nutritional intake play a significant role in the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, with ABO incompatibility being the most influential factor. Therefore, early detection, regular bilirubin monitoring, and optimization of breastfeeding are necessary to prevent complications of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Literature Review: The Impact of Gadgets on Early Childhood Emotional Regulation

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The use of gadgets in early childhood continues to increase along with the rapid development of digital technology. Excessive screen exposure has the potential to inhibit the development of emotion regulation, which is a crucial foundation for a child's social-emotional intelligence and mental health in the future. Although the duration of screen time has been extensively researched, studies that integrate internal mechanisms such as parent-child relationship mediation factors and peer relationship moderation are still limited. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize holistically the mechanistic pathways, mediating factors, and protective factors that link the duration of screen time with the ability to regulate early childhood emotions in the digital age. The research method used was a literature review using a systematic search on Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, IJM, and Proquest databases. A total of six articles were examined in depth after being selected using the PICO method according to the inclusion criteria: national and international journals with full texts in Indonesian or English published in the period of 2021 to 2026. The results of the review of the six articles consistently show that the intensity of gadget use or high screen time is significantly related to the low ability to regulate emotions in early childhood. This relationship is mediated by the quality of the parent-child relationship (co-regulatory failure due to technoference) and moderated by peer relationships as well as active parental supervision as protective factors. In conclusion, excessive and uncontrolled use of gadgets has been shown to worsen children's emotional regulation capacity which is characterized by increased tantrums, irritability, and decreased frustration tolerance. Children's socio-emotional development interventions must combine screen time restrictions (maximum 1 hour per day for ages 2–5 years according to WHO standards) with strengthening the quality of parent-child interpersonal relationships and direct social stimulation. Parents, educators, and policymakers are expected to collaborate in optimizing active mentoring, emotional validation, and the preparation of guidelines based on developmental suitability and quality of digital content.

Literature Review: The Effect of Peer Education Programs on Improving Knowledge and Adherence to Iron Folic Acid (IFA) Tablet Consumption in Adolescent Girls

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Iron deficiency anemia is a major public health problem among adolescent girls in Indonesia, affecting concentration in learning and increasing reproductive health risks in the future. Although the national Iron Folic Acid (IFA) Tablet supplementation program has been launched, the level of adherence to consumption among adolescents remains low, often due to minimal knowledge, myths, and perceived side effects. Innovative intervention strategies relevant to the characteristics of adolescents are needed to increase program effectiveness, one of which is the peer education approach. This study aims to analyze and synthesize scientific evidence regarding the effect of the Peer Education program on improving knowledge and adherence to IFA tablet consumption in adolescent girls. The literature search was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using a combination of keywords (e.g., peer education, edukasi sebaya, tablet tambah darah, TTD, anemia, adherence, remaja putri). The articles reviewed included quasi-experimental studies, experimental studies, and reviews comparing peer education intervention with conventional education, published within the last ten years. The synthesis results from various studies indicate that the peer education program has a significant and positive effect on both aspects studied. The increase in knowledge about anemia, IFA tablet function, and side effect management post-peer education intervention was found to be higher compared to the control group. Furthermore, adherence to IFA tablet consumption (weekly or daily frequency) in adolescents who received peer education also increased substantially. This effectiveness is linked to factors such as easier communication, a comfortable learning atmosphere, and the positive influence of peer role models. The peer education program is a highly effective and targeted strategy for overcoming low knowledge and adherence in IFA programs among adolescent girls. It is recommended that educational institutions and public health programs adopt and integrate the peer education model as a core.

Literature Review: Impact of the DASH Diet on Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is a major non-communicable disease affecting approximately 1.28 billion adults worldwide and is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is a non-pharmacological intervention recognized as effective in controlling blood pressure through increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and whole grains while limiting sodium and saturated fat. This systematic literature review aims to analyse the impact of the DASH diet on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients based on evidence from national and international nursing journals published between 2020–2025. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, Frontiers in Nutrition, Cambridge Core, JMIR, Scopus, Gizi Indonesia, and Jurnal Manajemen Asuhan Keperawatan using keywords: DASH diet, hypertension, blood pressure, systematic review, nursing. Eleven articles meeting inclusion criteria were analysed using the PRISMA approach. Results showed that the DASH diet consistently reduced systolic blood pressure by 1.29–6.74 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 0.76–3.54 mmHg. Effects were enhanced by sodium restriction and feeding-based interventions. Digital health interventions and community nursing education significantly improved patient adherence to DASH. In conclusion, the DASH diet is an evidence-based dietary strategy that should be integrated into nursing care plans for hypertensive patients in both clinical and community settings.

Literature Review: The Effect of Maternal Age on the Incidence of Ectopic Pregnancy

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening obstetric emergency and remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the first trimester of pregnancy. Maternal age has been recognized as one of the potential risk factors; however, findings across studies remain inconsistent. This literature review aimed to synthesize current evidence regarding the association between maternal age and the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. A literature review was conducted using articles published between 2021 and 2026. Literature searches were performed in Google Scholar, GARUDA, PubMed, and relevant international journals using the keywords “ectopic pregnancy,” “extrauterine pregnancy,” “tubal pregnancy,” “maternal age,” “advanced maternal age,” “adolescent pregnancy,” “risk factor,” “predictor,” and “determinant”, combined with Boolean operators (AND/OR). The inclusion criteria were original research articles, full-text availability, publication between 2021 and 2026, studies investigating ectopic pregnancy, its risk factors, diagnosis, management, or patient outcomes, and articles published in English or Indonesian. Exclusion criteria included duplicate publications, editorials, opinion papers, letters to the editor, conference abstracts, inaccessible full-text articles, and studies unrelated to the review objectives. Following title and abstract screening and full-text assessment, seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the qualitative synthesis. Five of the seven included studies reported a statistically significant association between maternal age and ectopic pregnancy (p < 0.05), indicating that women younger than 20 years and older than 35 years were at greater risk. Two studies found no statistically significant association. Variations in study design, sample size, population characteristics, statistical analyses, and adjustment for confounding factors may explain these inconsistent findings. Additional factors associated with ectopic pregnancy included parity, previous abortion, infertility, previous ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, smoking, assisted reproductive technology, and a history of tubal surgery. Current evidence suggests that maternal age is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, particularly among women younger than 20 years and older than 35 years. However, methodological heterogeneity across studies warrants cautious interpretation. Further high-quality studies with standardized methodologies are needed to strengthen the available evidence

Literature Review: The Relationship Between Age and Parity with The Incidence of Preeclampsia in Mothers Giving Birth

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Preeclampsia is a condition of high blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy, considered a major factor in health problems and death in mothers and newborns. Maternal parity and age are among the risk factors that can increase the risk of preeclampsia. Parity 2-3 is considered the safest parity level in terms of maternal mortality. Age significantly influences the duration of pregnancy and the delivery process. For women under 20 and over 35, pregnancy or delivery is not recommended. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age and parity in mothers giving birth with the incidence of preeclampsia. The research method was a literature review of 10 journal articles published between 2021 and 2025, focusing on quantitative research designs such as observational and analytical studies. The analysis results indicate a relationship between age and parity in mothers giving birth with the incidence of preeclampsia. Medical personnel can provide obstetric care for pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia to reduce maternal mortality through several methods, including early detection, education, and appropriate treatment. Medical personnel play a crucial role in early detection and early intervention to prevent more serious complications of preeclampsia.

Literature Review: Dietary Patterns and The Risk of Hypertension

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is a global health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This condition is influenced by various factors, particularly unhealthy dietary patterns such as high sodium and fat intake and low fiber consumption. Changes in lifestyle have contributed to the increasing prevalence of hypertension across different age groups, highlighting the need for special attention in prevention and control through nursing approaches. This study aims to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk and prevalence of hypertension, as well as to identify influencing factors and potential interventions. This study employed a literature review method by searching articles through Google Scholar and Garuda databases within the period of 2021–2025. The selected articles were full-text studies with quantitative and interventional designs relevant to the topic. The keywords used were “Nutrient intake and Hypertension risk”. A total of 325 articles were identified during the initial search. After the removal of 45 duplicate articles, 280 articles remained for title and abstract screening. Subsequently, 230 articles were excluded due to irrelevance to the study topic, leaving 50 articles for full-text review. Following the full-text assessment, 40 articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. As a result, 10 articles were included in this literature review. The results showed that most studies found a significant relationship between dietary patterns and the risk and prevalence of hypertension. Unhealthy dietary patterns, particularly those high in sodium and fat, were proven to increase the risk of hypertension. In addition, other factors such as physical activity, level of knowledge, and medication adherence also play important roles in blood pressure control. Interventions such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet have been shown to be effective in reducing blood pressure. Conclusion of this study was ost studies indicate that dietary patterns are significantly associated with the risk and prevalence of hypertension. Therefore, implementing healthy dietary habits, improving nutrition education, and promoting lifestyle modifications are essential strategies for the effective prevention and management of hypertension.

The Relationship Between Surgical Safety Checklist Implementation Compliance with Post Postoperative Adverse Events (PAE)

Febriyanto Tatali, Suwanti, Dody Sukmawijaya, Aldi Rijaldi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Unexpected events (Postoperative Untoward Events/PUE) occurring in the operating room remain one of the most pressing patient safety issues in modern surgical practice. These events, ranging from surgical site infections and wrong-site surgery to retained instruments and anesthesia-related complications, contribute substantially to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and elevated healthcare costs. The Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC), introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008, was developed as a structured, low-cost intervention consisting of three critical phases—sign in, time out, and sign out—each designed to verify essential safety parameters before, during, and after surgical procedures. This study aims to analyse the relationship between the level of compliance with SSC implementation and the incidence of unexpected postoperative events (PAE/PUE), as well as to identify the primary factors that hinder optimal checklist adherence among surgical teams. Methods: This study employed an analytical observational design using a cross-sectional approach. The study population comprised surgical cases performed at the Central Surgical Installation of General Hospital (X). A total of 120 surgical cases occurring between January and June 2024 were selected as the sample using a consecutive sampling technique, in which every case meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period was enrolled sequentially until the required sample size was achieved. SSC compliance was assessed through direct observation and documentation review across the three checklist phases, while postoperative adverse events were identified from medical records and clinical follow-up within 48 hours after surgery. Data were analysed using the chi-square test. Results of this study were the overall SSC compliance rate across all surgical phases was 68.3%. Compliance varied notably by phase, with the time out phase demonstrating the highest adherence (82.5%), while the sign out phase showed the lowest compliance (57.5%), suggesting that post-procedural verification steps are frequently overlooked or rushed. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between overall SSC compliance and the incidence of PUE (p = 0.001; OR = 4.82; 95% CI: 2.14–10.86), indicating that surgical teams with low compliance were nearly five times more likely to experience postoperative adverse events compared to those with high compliance. Conclusions of this study was compliance with SSC implementation is significantly correlated with a reduction in the incidence of postoperative PUE. These findings underscore that the checklist's effectiveness lies not in its mere existence but in rigorous, consistent execution across all three phases. Strengthening institutional safety culture, providing continuing education, and addressing hierarchical barriers within surgical teams are essential interventions to improve SSC adherence and enhance patient safety outcomes.

Literature Review: The Association Between Personal Protective Equipment Use and Occupational Accidents in Palm Oil Mills and Plantations

Nita Astuti, Eka Arwidya Purbaningrum, Santo Petrus Junjung, Gipta Galih Widodo — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Acute Occupational accidents remain a major challenge in occupational health and safety (OHS), particularly in high-risk industries such as palm oil processing. One of the principal preventive strategies to reduce occupational injuries is the appropriate and consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study aimed to review the relationship between PPE use and occupational accidents among palm oil factory workers. This study employed a literature review design by analyzing scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025. Relevant literature was identified through Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using combined keyword strings such as (“occupational accidents” OR “workplace injuries”) AND (“personal protective equipment” OR “PPE use”). The article selection process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, encompassing four sequential stages: identification of records through database searching, screening of titles and abstracts, assessment of full-text eligibility, and final inclusion of studies meeting all criteria. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The findings demonstrated a significant association between PPE use and occupational accidents. Several influencing factors were identified, including workers’ knowledge, attitudes, behavioral compliance with PPE use, ergonomic conditions, and safety training. Workers with adequate knowledge and positive safety behaviors tended to have a lower risk of occupational accidents. In contrast, non-compliance with PPE use, negative attitudes toward workplace safety, and poor ergonomic conditions increased accident risk. Educational background and occupational safety training were also found to contribute significantly to PPE compliance, while age was not consistently associated with compliance behavior.

Conclusion of this study was PPE use is strongly associated with occupational accident prevention among palm oil factory workers. Comprehensive interventions involving worker education, promotion of positive safety attitudes and behaviors, ergonomic improvements, and strengthening occupational safety training programs are essential to reduce workplace accidents

Patient Safety Culture in The Inpatient Installation of Dr. R. Hardjanto Hospital Balikpapan

Melania Herlina, Musdalifah Musdalifah, Raharjo Apriyatmoko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Patient safety has become a global concern in healthcare systems, particularly in hospital settings where the risk of adverse events remains significant. This study aims to analyze the patient safety culture among nurses in the inpatient installation of Dr. R. Hardjanto Hospital Balikpapan and its relationship with the implementation of healthcare services. A descriptive quantitative design was applied in this study. The population consisted of all nurses working in the inpatient installation, with a total sample of 75 respondents selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires measuring various dimensions of patient safety culture, including teamwork, communication, leadership support, non-punitive response to errors, and incident reporting. The results showed that 50.7% of respondents had a high level of patient safety culture, while

49.3% were categorized as low. Several dimensions such as organizational learning (85.3%), feedback on errors (84%), and teamwork across units (92%) were categorized as high. However, some aspects including non-punitive response to errors (42%), staffing adequacy (44%), and patient handover (49.3%) were still considered low. In terms of service implementation, 69.3% of respondents demonstrated good performance, while 30.7% showed poor performance. The findings also revealed that nurses with a high level of patient safety culture consistently performed better in delivering healthcare services. This study concludes that patient safety culture significantly influences the quality of healthcare service delivery. Strengthening weak dimensions of patient safety culture, improving leadership roles, ensuring adequate staffing, and promoting a non-punitive reporting environment are essential to enhance patient safety outcomes. These findings provide valuable insights for hospital management to develop strategies aimed at improving patient safety culture and service quality.

Descriptive Monthly Trend Analysis of Hazardous Medical Waste Generation at Dr. H. Jusuf SK Regional Hospital in 2025

Ufi Syafitri, Heni Dayanti, Raodatul Jannah, Heri Sugiarto — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hospitals generate hazardous medical waste that can threaten human health and the environment when segregation, storage, transportation, and treatment are not properly managed. In Indonesia, healthcare facilities are required to manage hazardous and toxic waste from healthcare activities according to national environmental and health regulations; therefore, local hospital-based monitoring is essential for operational planning. This study aimed to describe the amount and monthly trend of hazardous medical waste generated at Dr. H. Jusuf SK Regional Hospital from January to December 2025. This study focused on waste generation patterns and did not test causal factors affecting monthly fluctuations. A descriptive quantitative design with monthly trend observation was used. Secondary data were obtained from hospital sanitation installation records, including hazardous waste weighing recapitulation, temporary hazardous waste storage records, and waste handover or transportation documentation. The analyzed variables were medical waste, glass waste, sharps waste, and total hazardous waste. Incineration ash was excluded because complete monthly data were not available. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, percentage contribution, month-to-month percentage change, and graphical visualization. Results of this study was the average total hazardous waste generation was 263.10 kg/month (SD = 16.13). The lowest total waste generation occurred in July (227.42 kg), while the highest occurred in September (284.70 kg). Medical waste was the dominant component, contributing 95.55% of the total hazardous waste, followed by glass waste (2.37%) and sharps waste (2.09%). The sharpest monthly decline occurred from June to July (-9.98%), while the largest increase occurred from July to August (17.70%). Conclusion of this study was hazardous medical waste generation at Dr. H. Jusuf SK Regional Hospital fluctuated throughout 2025. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monthly monitoring, adaptive storage capacity, proper waste segregation, and data-driven coordination with waste treatment and transportation systems.

Nurses' Experience in Psychiatric Emergencies

Ance Siallagan, Murniati Sitepu, Rusmauli Lumbangaol — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Psychiatric emergency cases are increasing every year, including suicide attempts, violent behavior, agitation, extreme anxiety, severe depression, and drug addiction problems. Nurses in handling mental health emergencies have experience because the patient's condition is experiencing mental problems. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of nurses in managing psychiatric emergencies. This study uses an exploratory phenomenological study with in-depth interviews with five nurses with more than five years of work experience at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital, Medan. Data analysis uses the Collaizi method. There are five themes that describe the meaning of nurses' experiences in managing psychiatric emergencies, namely experiencing physical and verbal violence, nurses' feelings in caring for patients in the crisis phase, nurses' actions in psychiatric emergencies, motivation in mental health nursing services, and hopes for service improvement. Nurses often become the outlet for violence from patients in the psychiatric emergency phase, so they have a higher workload and psychological impact. Career advancement opportunities, further study, awards, and promotions are motivators for nurses to improve their competency in psychiatric units. However, the safety of nurses and patients remains a top priority. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between nurse motivation and performance in psychiatric emergency units.