Literature Review : Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates
Keywords:
ABO incompatibility, birth weight, nutritional intake, hyperbilirubinemiaAbstract
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, a condition characterized by increased serum bilirubin levels in newborns, remains a global health problem due to its potential to cause serious neurological complications such as kernicterus. Various risk factors are known to be associated with hyperbilirubinemia, but ABO incompatibility, low birth weight, and nutritional intake are the most frequently identified. This literature review aims to analyze the relationship between ABO incompatibility, birth weight, and nutritional intake and the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates based on research findings from 2021–2025. The method used is a literature review with articles sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ProQuest. The reviewed articles consist of national and international studies discussing risk factors for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The review results indicate that ABO incompatibility is the most dominant factor influencing hyperbilirubinemia because it causes erythrocyte hemolysis, resulting in a significant increase in indirect bilirubin production. Low birth weight is also associated with hyperbilirubinemia due to immaturity of liver function and low bilirubin conjugation capacity in neonates. Furthermore, inadequate nutritional intake, particularly suboptimal breastfeeding, increases the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin due to delayed meconium excretion. Most studies have shown a significant association between these three factors and the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The conclusion of this literature review is that ABO incompatibility, low birth weight, and nutritional intake play a significant role in the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, with ABO incompatibility being the most influential factor. Therefore, early detection, regular bilirubin monitoring, and optimization of breastfeeding are necessary to prevent complications of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
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References
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